Project on the Russian language "in the world of phraseological units." Research project "phraseologisms" The role of phraseological units in the Russian language project
Project topic: Phraseologisms. The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language.
- The work was completed by 6th grade students: Tatyana Kovaleva, Anastasia Sycheva, Pavel Merintsov, Rinat Shushakov.
- Head: Olga Ivanovna Lymareva, teacher of Russian language and literature MKOU Privolnenskaya Secondary School named after. M.S. Shumilov, Svetloyarsk district
- Volgograd region
- The choice of topic is due to the fact that the speech culture of modern schoolchildren is very low. This is due to the fact that modern children read little, preferring the Internet and television. Students' speech is characterized by a poor vocabulary; it often lacks phraseological units, which are means of expressive language. We will try to prove or disprove this with the results of our research.
- The problem of studying phraseology at school is very relevant, since knowledge of phraseology, understanding it when reading fiction, as well as correct use is one of the indicators of good command of the native language. In addition, phraseology greatly contributes to broadening one’s horizons, deepening students’ communication skills, and makes speech lively, expressive, and emotional. A person who knows the phraseology of his native language usually expresses his thoughts easily.
- Target:
- Conduct research on the topic: “Phraseological units. The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language"
- Tasks:
- study the literature, consider different points of view on the definition of “phraseologism”;
- find out the main reasons and sources of the appearance of phraseological units in the Russian language;
- determine the features of the use of phraseological units in children's fiction and in the speech of modern schoolchildren;
- create a booklet
- Project implementation period: 1.5 months
- Forming groups to conduct research, putting forward hypotheses and solving problems.
- Choosing a creative name for the project (together with students.
- Discuss the work plan of students individually or in a group.
- Discussion with schoolchildren of possible sources of information and issues of copyright protection.
- Independent work of students to discuss the assignment of each person in the group.
- Independent work of groups to complete tasks.
- Students prepare a presentation on the progress report.
- Protection of the obtained results and conclusions.
- Definition of the concepts phraseology, phraseology.
- Reasons for the formation of phraseological units.
- Sources of phraseological units
- Scope of use.
- IN THE COUNTRY OF PHRASEOLOGY
- Theoretical part
- The word “phraseology” comes from two Greek words: “phrases” - “expression” and “logos” - “word, doctrine”. In Russian, this term is used in two senses: a set of stable idiomatic expressions (chickens don’t peck) and a branch of linguistics that studies such expressions (phraseological units).
- There are several points of view on the definition of “phraseologism”.
- I. Sandomirskaya: “Phraseological combinations most often describe not abstract concepts, but well-defined constructions - ideologically constructed and collectively appropriated ideas about “invisible things,” ideas and values of time and culture.
- S. Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following definition: “Phraseological unit is a stable expression with an independent meaning close to idiomatic.”
- N.M. Shansky: “Phraseological unit, phraseological unit is a general name for semantically non-free combinations of words that are not produced in speech..., but are reproduced in it in a socially assigned stable relationship between semantic content and a certain lexical and grammatical composition. Semantic shifts in the meanings of lexical components, stability and reproducibility are interconnected universal and distinctive features of a phraseological unit.” This definition is, in our opinion, quite complete and objective.
- N.M. Shansky considers the following to be the main reasons for the transformation of a combination of words into a phraseological unit:
- constant and repeated use of a free combination of words not in a literal, but in a figurative-figurative meaning;
- the appearance of a word of related use in a free combination of words;
- expression by a free combination of words of a single concept that is relevant for a given historical era.
- For example:
- « Get lost in three pines»
- Phraseologisms can be divided by origin:
- phraseological units borrowed from other languages (from German - smash on your head; from English - blue stocking etc.)
- phraseological units of Russian origin.
- The main source of Russian phraseology are free phrases, which, when used figuratively, become phraseological units:
- Group 1 – came from time immemorial, reflected in oral folk art: Without a king in my head
- Beat with your forehead
- Group 2 – combinations that came from the Bible:
- the Forbidden fruit
- Manna from heaven
- Carry your cross
- Group 3 – combinations that come from myths and world history:
- Achilles' heel
- Draconian measures
- Promethean fire
- Group 4 – expressions coming from original works:
- From the works of A.S. Pushkin:
- Broken Trough
- He ate too much henbane
- Taking into account the scope of use and their inherent expressive features, phraseological units can be divided into:
- Interstyle
- occasionally
- Conversational
- as fast as you can
- Book
- game of fate
- Historicisms
- private bailiff
- Archaisms
- cheese week –
- Maslenitsa
- Outdated phraseological units
- Individual research plan:
- Read fairy tales, thin. literature for children.
- Write down phraseological units.
- In the explanatory dictionaries of S. Ozhegov, D. Ushakov, V.P. Zhukov, find the interpretation of these phraseological units.
- Write out phraseological units, count the number.
- Create a booklet “The origin of phraseological units.”
- Write an abstract.
- Create a presentation plan.
- Formulate the goal, objectives, relevance of the hypothesis of the results.
- Create a presentation in Power Point.
- Goal: Write an essay on the topic “Different points of view on the definition of phraseological units”
- Goal: Prepare the booklet “The Origin of Phraseological Units”
- Way to achieve the goal: study literature on this topic
- Purpose: To determine the features of the use of phraseological units in the speech of modern schoolchildren.
- Method of achieving the goal: conduct a sociological survey among students in grades 5–9.
- Goal: to identify the frequency of use of phraseological units in works for children.
- Way to achieve the goal: read fairy tales, children's fiction.
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- Questions:
- 1. Do you know what phraseological units are? (Not really.)
- 2. Do you use them in your speech? (Not really.)
- 3. Explain the meaning of the following phraseological units:
- hurts my eyes
- a dime a dozen
- go far
- in the bag
- chickens don't peck
- bluff
- ingratiate oneself
- pour from empty to empty
- do me a favor
- know your worth
- 4. What phraseological units do you use in your speech?
- A total of 70 people took part. 61 students answered yes to 1 question. 38 students use phraseological units in their speech, but 32 people do not use phraseological units. Most often they are used by children in grades 8-9. For question 4, 35 students gave the correct interpretation ( it's in the bag, it's a long way to go and etc.). The phraseology “ hurts my eyes».
- Thus, only 35 respondents gave correct answers to all questions.
- The use of phraseological units among students at our school.
- Children in grades 8-9 use the following phraseological units in their speech:
- kick your ass
- keep your mouth shut
- make a mess
- without fish, cancer, fish
- headlong
- cheat
- hastily
- hit the spot
- do not make mountains out of molehills etc.
- 1. Lather your hair and give it a wash.
- 2. Seven Fridays a week.
- 3. Bury your talent in the ground.
- 1. We looked at the points of view on the definition of “phraseologism” and found one that reflects the essence.
- 2. We found out the main reasons for the appearance of phraseological units in the Russian language.
- 3. We classified phraseological units by origin into two groups and examined each.
- 4. We identified the main groups of phraseological units in the field of use.
- 5. We studied the frequency of use of phraseological units in fairy tales and in original works for children.
- 6. Conducted a sociological survey among students in grades 5-9.
- 7. We examined in detail the origin of several phraseological units.
- Phraseologisms have long been used in speech and literature.
- There is a constant exchange of phraseological units and their meanings between languages.
- New phraseological units appear all the time, and the meanings of old ones change.
- All phraseological units can be divided into 4 groups: phraseological units of fusion, phraseological units of unity, phraseological units of combination, phraseological units of expression.
- Students at our school rarely use phraseological units in their speech; the meaning of some is unknown to them.
- Project product created: booklet “Phraseological units. The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language", cartoon "The Parable of a Talent Buried in the Ground".
Content
I Introduction__________________________________________________________3
II Phraseologisms - the wisdom of the people______________________________________4 III Sources of origin of phraseological units 1.
Sources of original Russian phraseological units____________________52. Sources of borrowed phraseological units_____________________6a) borrowings from Slavic languages_________________________________6b) borrowings from non-Slavic languages______________________________6 IV The role of phraseological units in the Russian language________________________________7
V Conclusion_________________________________________________7
VI References_______________________________________________ 9
IIntroduction
Phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. Speech is a way of communication between people. Often, simple words are not enough to achieve a certain speech effect. Irony, bitterness, love, mockery, your own attitude to what is happening - all this can be expressed much more succinctly, more precisely, more emotionally. To do this, in everyday speech we often use phraseological units, sometimes without even noticing - after all, some of them are simple, familiar, and familiar from childhood. Phraseologisms decorate our speech, make it expressive and figurative. The richer a person’s vocabulary, the more interesting and vividly he expresses his thoughts.
Relevance:
The study of the topic “Phraseological Units” is not provided for in the primary school curriculum and students have to obtain all the information on this topic on their own, and sometimes many phraseological units remain a mystery to many.
To achieve the goal, we settasks:
1. Study the literature on this topic2. Familiarize yourself with the history of the emergence of phraseological units.3. Identify the role of phraseological units in our speech.
Object of study: phraseological units of the Russian language
Research methods:
collection of information, observation, study, analysis, synthesis of results
Stages of work:
1. Observation of phraseological units, their interpretation;
2. Study of theory (what are phraseological units, their origin);
3. Acquaintance with phraseological dictionaries, visiting the library;
4. Conclusion
IIPhraseologisms - the wisdom of the people
Phraseologism , or phraseological unit – a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate vocabulary unit. In other words, a phraseological unit cannot be divided into individual words and explained in the same way as ordinary phrases.
Phraseologisms in their own way reflect the life of our people from very distant times; they express the spirit of the people, their history, and customs.
Phraseology is fabulously rich. Its storerooms contain words from the most ancient to the newly born. There, bit by bit, phraseological units were collected - the wisdom of the Russian people. Phraseologisms are one of the best decorations of speech
IIISources of origin of phraseological units of the Russian people
The history of the origin of phraseological units is interesting. Why are we talking“bang your thumbs”, “crocodile tears”?
Beat your thumbs. What are baklushi? It turns out that originally this phrase meant: splitting an aspen log into logs (baklushi) for making spoons, ladle and other small products from them. This was a simple matter that did not require much effort or skill, so the expression “knuckle down” turned into a phraseological unit.
Crocodile tears.This phraseological unit means feigned, hypocritical pity, insincere regret. The expression comes from a widely spread belief in ancient times that a crocodile supposedly cries when eating its prey.
From the point of view of origin, phraseological units of the Russian language are divided into native Russian and borrowed.
1. Sources of original Russian phraseological units The overwhelming majority of Russian phraseological units arose in the Russian language itself or the Russian language inherited from the languages of its ancestors: “you can’t spill water,” “in what your mother gave birth.” A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. These include:1) superstitious ideas of our ancestors: a black cat crossed the road (there was a quarrel, a disagreement between someone); neither fluff nor feather (wishing someone good luck, success in any business) - initially: wishing good luck to a hunter going on a hunt, expressed in a negative form, so as not to “jinx” it if you directly wish good luck;2) games and entertainment, for example: alive, smoking room (someone exists, acts, manifests himself) - from an ancient folk game in which with the exclamation: “Alive, alive, smoking room!” pass a burning torch to each other until it goes out; play tricks (doing trifles, doing nothing, wasting time); not even a blow (to know nothing at all, not to understand); 3) ancient customs of punishing criminals, for example: shorten the tongue (make someone talk less, talk less, be less impudent); written on the forehead (quite noticeable);4) details of Russian life, for example: washing dirty linen in public (divulging quarrels, squabbles that occur between loved ones); easy to remember (appears at the moment when they think or talk about it)5) historical events in the life of the Russian people, for example: shouting at the top of Ivanovo (very loud); long box (for an indefinitely long time); how Mamai went through (complete disorder, defeat) - from a historical event - the devastating invasion of Rus' (in the 14th century) by the Tatars under the leadership of Khan Mamai. The professional speech of artisans is also the most important source of Russian phraseology. Almost every craft in Rus' has left its mark in Russian phraseology. For example: from shoemakers - two of a Kind - "the same"; from hunters and fishermen - with reel fishing rods - “to leave hastily”cast a fishing rod- “to find out something carefully”, scover your tracks - "hide something"; from musicians- play first violin– “to excel”; from the sailors - drop anchor - "settle" , in full sail -"quickly", run aground - “get into an extremely difficult situation.” Oral folk art is a rich source of Russian phraseology. Phraseologisms came from folk tales:megillah - “endless repetition of the same thing”, under Tsar Gorokh - "a long time ago",Lisa Patrikeevna - “a very cunning person”Koschei the Deathless – “a very thin and scary person”, etc. 2. Sources of borrowed phraseological units Borrowed phraseological units are stable combinations, catchphrases that came into the Russian language from other languages. Two groups of borrowed phraseological units can be distinguished: borrowings from Slavic languages and borrowings from non-Slavic languages. A) Borrowings from Slavic languages Old Slavonic phraseological units became entrenched in the Russian language after the introduction of Christianity; most of them originate from books, including the Holy Scriptures. Most often they are bookish in nature. For example, “a proverb,” “seek and ye shall find,” “throwing pearls before swine,” and others. These are outdated phraseological units (archaisms). Old Church Slavonic phraseological units most often represent expressions taken from biblical and evangelical texts translated into Old Church Slavonic: in the sweat of his brow - "to work very hard"the Forbidden fruit -"about something tempting but forbidden"stumbling block -"interference, difficulty" holy of holies - “the most dear, cherished”daily bread - "what is necessary for existence." b) Borrowings from non-Slavic languages A significant group of Russian phraseology consists of phraseological units borrowed from other languages, among them – phraseological units that have become international. These are primarily expressions from ancient Greek mythology:Achilles' heel - "the most vulnerable place"Gordian bond l – “confusing coincidence of circumstances”,sword of Damocles - “about the constantly threatening danger”,draconian laws - " cruel laws”, etc. Some phraseological units came from Western European languages and literature. These are proverbs, catchphrases, quotes, sayings:storm in a teacup- "excitement over trifles"Princess on the Pea- “pampered, spoiled person”out of place- "in a bad mood",after us there might be a flood– “if only we felt good”, etc. A large number of borrowed phraseological units in the Russian language are phraseological calques, that is, foreign language expressions that are translated word by word, although some of them are used without translation from the Latin language. By literal translation of a foreign language expression, phraseological units arose from the English language:time - money, blue stocking, flying saucer; from German: straw widow, so that's where the dog is buried;from French:honeymoon, black market, idea fix and etc.
So, phraseological units are the creation of the people, a manifestation of their wisdom and linguistic flair. Many phraseological units of the Russian language reflect traditions and customs. and beliefs of the Russian people.
Since ancient times, our language has preserved many words and expressions that we easily, without thinking, use in conversation, but often do not even realize their true meaning, yet their history is interesting and instructive. IV The role of phraseological units in the Russian language The role of phraseological units in the Russian language is great. Often they express wise sayings of people that have become stable phrases. Each phraseological unit is a short expression of a long human thought. It’s easier to say “You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without effort” than to describe it in a few sentences. It can also be noted that phraseological units are a part of the life of our ancestors, because they were the first to use them, which means it is part of our history. To a greater extent, of course, the history of the Russian language. Beautiful, correct speech is an undoubted advantage of both adults and children. Accurate figurative expressions, such as phraseological units, especially enrich it.VConclusion The Russian language is very rich in its words and expressions. Often the same meaning can be expressed in different ways. This is done using synonymous expressions. But as you know, synonyms are only close in meaning, which means you can express your thoughts with the help of one of them more briefly and more accurately. Phraseologisms often come to our aid with this. Phraseologisms are not very big phrases; as a rule, they have a figurative meaning. A catchphrase is an expression whose author is not exactly known, but it has become so ingrained in our speech that we sometimes forget the name of the author. The wealth and strength of the Russian language is determined by the inexhaustible possibilities that are hidden in every word or phraseological unit, because, according to A.S. Pushkin “the mind is inexhaustible in the understanding of concepts, just as the language is inexhaustible in connecting words.” Russian phraseological units are our invaluable cultural and national dignity.
VIBibliography. Bulatov M. A. Winged words - M.: Detgiz, 1958.Vvedenskaya L. A., Baranov M. T., Gvozdarev Yu. A. Methodological instructions for the optional course “Vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language” - M., 1991.Volina V.V. I explore the world. Children's encyclopedia. Russian language - M.: AST Publishing House, 1997.Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, M.: LLC “A TEMP”, 2008.Fomina N. D., Bakina M. A. Phraseology of modern language - M.: Peoples' Friendship University Publishing House, 1985.Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language, edited by A. I. Molotov - M.: Russian language, 1987.
Kostenko Irina Alexandrovna
Job title: teacher of Russian language and literature
Educational institution: MBOU secondary school No. 18
Locality: Stanitsa Novomalorossiyskaya, Vyselkovsky district, Krasnodar region
Name of material: Multimedia presentation
Subject: Phraseologisms (student project)
Publication date: 21.03.2016
Chapter: secondary education
A country
Phraseology
ACADEMIC SUBJECT:
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Project business card
1. Project name
: "Country Phraseology".
2. Academic subject
: Russian language.
3. Project type:
research, individual, long-term (2 months). 4.
Objective of the project
: using dictionaries, popular science literature and Internet resources, collect a variety of information about Russian phraseological units and their role in the language.
5 . PROJECT OBJECTIVES
1. CONDUCT A SURVEY OF SIXTH-GRADE STUDENTS WITH THE PURPOSE
IDENTIFYING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD OF PHRASEOLOGY.
2. STUDY LITERATURE ON PHRASEOLOGY;
3. LEARN ABOUT ORIGIN
PHRASEOLOGISM;
4. FIND OUT WHAT IS THE ROLE OF PHRASEOLOGISTS IN SPEECH;
5. EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF PHRASEOLOGY, ESPECIALLY
PHRASEOLOGISTS WITH WORDS-NAMES OF BODY PARTS.
6. DEVELOP A SCRIPT FOR THE QUIZ “EXPERTS OF PHRASEOLOGY”;
7. INTEREST YOUR CLASSMATES IN STUDYING PHRASEOLOGISTS,
CAUSE THE DESIRE TO USE THEM WIDELY IN SPEECH THROUGH ENGAGEMENT
THEY ARE IN QUIZES AND COMPETITIONS.
6.Project manager
: Kostenko I.A.
7.
Konareva Daria, 12 years old
8. Project abstract:
The idea to study Russian phraseology more deeply was born after becoming familiar with the topic in Russian language lessons and an illustrated phraseological dictionary. The lessons, as well as the survey, showed that the children know very little phraseological units and they should be interested in this issue.
9. Intended product
: compiling a dictionary of phraseological units with words-names of body parts and developing a script for the quiz “Experts of Phraseology”.
Project plan
Introduction. 1. Analysis of a survey among sixth-graders “Do we know phraseological units?” 2. What is phraseology and phraseological units. 3. The role of phraseological units in speech. 4. Origin of phraseological units. 5. “From head to toe” - a dictionary of phraseological units with words that name parts of the body. 6. Scenario for the quiz “Experts of Phraseology”. Conclusion.
The survey results showed that
1. Exactly half of the sixth-graders surveyed find it difficult to define a phraseological unit. 2. 100% of 6th grade students use some phraseological units in their speech. 3. More than 5 phraseological units were remembered by 43% of respondents, the rest know 2-4 set expressions. 4. 75% of respondents are sure that phraseological units need to be known. 5. 37% of students believe that it is necessary to know phraseological units in order to make their speech expressive and accurate. 31% want to know them so they can simply use them in speech. 6% each believe that knowledge of phraseological units will help them better understand adults or teach others something good. 6. Only 13% of sixth-graders answered that they always know what this or that phraseological unit means.
Introduction Phraseologisms are constant companions of our speech. Speech is a way of communication between people. Often, to achieve a certain speech effect, simple words are not enough. Irony, bitterness, love, mockery, your own attitude to what is happening - all this can be expressed much more succinctly, more precisely, more emotionally. To do this, in everyday speech we often use phraseological units, sometimes without even noticing: after all, some of them are simple, familiar and familiar from childhood. Phraseologisms decorate our speech, make it expressive and figurative. The richer a person’s vocabulary, the more interesting and vividly he expresses his thoughts.
Relevance:
Only 2 hours are allocated for studying the topic “Phraseological units” in the 6th grade curriculum, and students have to obtain most of the information on this topic on their own, and sometimes many phraseological units remain a mystery to many.
Novelty
my work is that no one has yet studied this problem within the framework of our school, and no conclusions in this area have been formulated by anyone before me.
Object of study
: phraseological units of the Russian language
Research methods:
questioning, collecting information, observation, study, analysis, summarizing the results.
Everyone knows these phraseological units!
“
”
What is phraseology and
phraseological units
WORD "
PHRASEOLOGY
» COMES FROM TWO WORDS OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE: “PHRASIS” - EXPRESSION, TURN OF SPEECH, “LOGOS” - CONCEPT, TEACHING.
PHRASEOLOGY
- THIS IS A SECTION OF THE SCIENCE OF WORDS THAT STUDIES STABLE COMBINATIONS AND REVERSATIONS. PHRASEOLOGICAL PURPOSES ARE USED IN THE LANGUAGE IN READY FORM. THEY MAY NOT BE REPLACED WITH OTHER WORDS OR ANY WORD INSERTED INTO THEM. FOR EXAMPLE: POSTPUT THINGS INTO A LONG BOX (DO NOT SPEAK TO “LONG BOX”).
PHRASEOLOGICAL PURPOSES
THEY MAKE OUR SPEECH IMAGINATIVE, BRIGHT, EXPRESSIVE. WITH THE HELP OF SUCH SUSTAINABLE COMBINATIONS, MUCH CAN BE SAID BRIEFLY ABOUT MUCH. FOR EXAMPLE: ABOUT A PERSON WHO FINDS UP IN A RIDICULOUS POSITION, THEY SAY THAT HE “GOT IN A TROUBLE.” THIS SOUNDS MUCH MORE VISUALIZED AND MORE EXPRESSIVE THAN DESCRIBING IN LONG TIME AND IN DETAIL HOW HE FOUND INTO AN UNCOMFORTABLE POSITION DUE TO HIS NAIVITY OR IGNORANCE.
The role of phraseological units in
speech.
Phraseological phrases make our speech figurative, bright, expressive. With the help of such stable combinations, a lot can be said briefly. For example: about a person who finds himself in an absurd position, they say that he “got into trouble.” This sounds much more figurative and expressive than describing in length and detail how he found himself in an uncomfortable position due to his naivety or ignorance. Each phraseological unit is a short expression of a long human thought. It’s easier to say “You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without effort” than to describe it in a few sentences. Phraseologism is a part of the life of our ancestors, because it was they who first used them, which means it is part of our history. To a greater extent, of course, the history of the Russian language. Beautiful, correct speech is an undoubted advantage of both adults and children. Accurate figurative expressions, such as phraseological units, especially enrich it.
“
”
Phraseologisms from folk life
Beat your head
- do nothing, idle, spend time idly. Play the fool (in 2 meanings), chase a lazy person.
Like the apple of my eye
- vigilant, very caring.
Seven Fridays a week
- about a person who easily changes his decisions, intentions, etc.
Throwing words to the wind
- speak uselessly or thoughtlessly; rashly promise and fail to fulfill what is promised.
Wouldn't hurt a fly
- harmless, good-natured.
Phraseologisms of folklore origin (from fairy tales)
The fairy tale about the white bull - “endless repetition”
one and the same",
Under Tsar Gorokh - “a very long time ago”
Lisa Patrikeevna - “a very cunning person”
Koschey the immortal - “very thin and scary
Human"
Hut on chicken legs - “old, dilapidated housing”
Phraseologisms from the Bible.
LAMB OF GOD
- The personification of brevity and purity
throw beads
- wasting energy in vain
Wolf in sheep's clothing
- a person who hides evil goals under the guise of virtue.
the Forbidden fruit
- Something very desirable, but prohibited or unavailable.
Root of Evil
- an expression from the Bible (Book of Job) is used in the meaning: the basis, the primary source of evil, everything bad and harmful.
Phraseologisms from the myths of Ancient Greece.
Augean stables
- unbearable dirt and desolation. The origin of the turnover is associated with the ancient Greek legend about the sixth of the twelve labors of Hercules. The hero was able to clear the barnyard of King Augeas, where the horses given to Augeas by his father were kept. This yard hasn't been cleaned for years. Hercules destroyed the wall surrounding the courtyard on both sides and diverted the water of two deep rivers - Alpheus and Peneus - there. The water carried away all the manure in one day. Achilles' heel. Achilles is the invincible and brave hero of numerous legends of Ancient Greece. Achilles was not hit by any enemy arrows. Legend has it that Achilles' mother Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred River Styx. But while dipping, she held him by the heel (heel), and therefore the heel was unconsecrated and therefore unprotected. In one of the battles, Achilles' opponent Paris shot an arrow at Achilles' heel and killed him. Since then, every weak, vulnerable place of a person (or some structure) is called
Achilles heel
.
Dictionary
“Phraseological units with the word hand”
Have a finger in the pie
(sign some document, paper) 2.
Wash your hands
(to withdraw from participation in any matter; to relieve oneself of responsibility for something) 3.
Just a stone's throw
(very close) 4.
Burns in my hands
(the job is done well, quickly) 5.
Skillful fingers
(master of his craft) 6.
Wave your hand
(stop paying attention) 7.
Hastily
(somehow, quickly) 8.
To give up
(lose the ability and desire to act) 9.
Got out of hand
(stopped obeying, obeying) 10.
Under the hot hand
(come into contact with a person who is in a state of anger, rage) 11.
Spread your hands
(to be surprised) 12.
Fetter
(deprive the opportunity to act freely)
1.Hands itch
(about a great desire to do something.)
2.Hand in hand
(Holding hands, together, together.)
3.Be at hand
(to be available, to be in close proximity)
4.Hold in your hands
(not to give free rein, to keep in strict obedience.)
5. It's a stone's throw
(very close, very close.)
6.Treatlessly
(work hard)
7.Grip with both hands
(I will be happy to agree with some proposal.)
There are 5 competitions in total, one of
them “Portraits”, where necessary
figure to guess which one
phraseology is encrypted.
Quiz script “Connoisseurs”
phraseology"
Take
himself
hands.
Attach
hand.
Guess the phraseology!
Conclusion
The Russian language is very rich in its words and expressions. Often the same meaning can be expressed in different ways. This is done using synonymous expressions. But as you know, synonyms are only close in meaning, which means you can express your thoughts with the help of one of them more briefly and more accurately. Phraseologisms often come to our aid with this. Phraseologisms are not very big phrases; as a rule, they have a figurative meaning. A popular expression is an expression whose author is not exactly known, but it has become so integrated into our speech that we sometimes forget the name of the author. The wealth and strength of the Russian language is determined by the inexhaustible possibilities that are hidden in every word or phraseological unit, because, according to A.S. Pushkin, “the mind is inexhaustible in the understanding of concepts, just as the language is inexhaustible in combining words.” Russian phraseological units are our priceless cultural and national heritage.
Phraseologisms
IN OUR LIFE
prepared primary school teacher Linyuk N.P. Surgut
“Phraseological units are pearls, nuggets and gems of the native language...” A.I.Efimov
Objective of the project:
- find out what phraseological units are;
- find out what some mean
phraseological units;
- determine the role of phraseological units in
human speech.
PROBLEM QUESTION:
Do phraseological units clog our speech or make it bright, figurative, colorful?
Phraseologisms – This stable figures of speech that have independent meaning and are characteristic of a particular language.
Phraseologisms are used all the time in our everyday speech. Sometimes we don’t even notice that we are uttering these unstable expressions - how familiar and convenient they are.
- Phraseologisms divided into different groups: - phraseological units with names animals; speech from mythology; - phraseological units that came into our speech from oral folk art; - professional phraseological units; - phraseological units characterizing person.
"Achilles' heel"
Achilles is a beloved hero of many legends of Ancient Greece. This is an invincible, brave man who was not taken by any enemy arrows. You've probably often heard the phraseology Achilles' heel ? So what does his heel have to do with it if he was invincible and brave?!
Legend says that Achilles' mother Thetis, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. But while dipping, she held him by the heel and the heel was unprotected.
In one of the battles, Paris, Achilles' opponent, shot an arrow at Achilles' heel and killed him.
All sorts of things weak , vulnerable place a person is called
Achilles heel .
"Through the Sleeves"
Why sleeves That's what they're called - it's clear (from the word hand). Let's talk about expression carelessly .
So they began to say in those distant times exchange, when Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 centimeters, and for women in were even longer - 130-140 centimeters
Try to work in clothes with such sleeves: it will be uncomfortable, it will turn out bad. To make things work, the sleeves had to be rolled up.
So they started talking about people who do their job lazy, reluctant, slow , what are they work carelessly .
"Like water off a duck's back"
“He’s like water off a duck’s back!” This expression is often found, but its origin is not known to everyone.
But to say: “Like chicken water” - it is forbidden .
Have you seen a wet chicken?
Pathetic view.
No wonder about unadapted to life, frightened, confused people They say "like a wet chicken."
And the expression
like water off a duck's back means: he (she) doesn’t care about anything.
"Burn to the ground"
What is tlo? Usually the meaning of the expression is associated with the verb smolder .
In fact tlo Means "base".
Burn to the ground - burn to the ground.
"Know by heart"
The meaning of these words is known to children as well as adults.
Know by heart - means, for example, learn perfectly a poem, a rule, a multiplication table...
And there was a time when know by heart, check by heart taken almost literally. This saying arose from the custom of testing the authenticity of gold coins, rings and other items made of precious metal. You bite the coin with your teeth, and if there is no dent left on it, then it is genuine, not counterfeit. Otherwise, you could have gotten a fake one.
"Get stupid"
This meaning is connected with the ancient Russian tradition. In the old days in Rus' it was not customary for women to appear in public with bare head and bare hair, this was wrong and the woman found herself in an awkward, uncomfortable position.
Make a fool of yourself means “to make a mistake”, “to make a mistake”, “to get into an awkward position”.
"Good riddance"
There is a legend among the people: before leaving for the wedding, the bride, who wanted her sisters to get married as soon as possible, must pull the tablecloth with which the table is set, that is, as if pulling her sisters along with her on the road.
The custom of seeing off those leaving by waving handkerchiefs so that the path “lies like a tablecloth, even and smooth” has still been preserved. The expression good riddance was originally used only as a wish for a safe journey
But over time it began to be used ironically , in meaning "go anywhere", "get out" .
So, a little test:
1) Good riddance
2) Make a fool of yourself
3) Know by heart
go anywhere, get out
make a mistake, blunder
good at understanding something
2) Like water off a duck's back
1) Sleeveless
3) Achilles' heel
4) Burn to the ground
he (she) doesn’t care about anything
weak, vulnerable place
burn to the ground.
lazy, reluctant, slowly
Phraseological menagerie
Hungry like...
wolf
fox
Cunning as...
hare
Cowardly as...
As healthy as...
Quirky as...
Inflated like...
turkey
Nem To ak …
fish
Dirty as...
pig
Stubborn as...
donkey
Conclusion
After doing my little research, I came to the conclusion that f raseology is the greatest treasure and value of any language. Phraseologisms do not clog up our speech, but make it emotional, beautiful, rich. The more phraseological units we know, the more accurately and colorfully we will be able to express our thoughts.
Informational resources : school phraseological dictionary of the Russian language ( resources: http://www.bookvoed.ru/view_images.php?code=444538&tip=1 http://www.elhoschool.ru/russki/frazeol.htm http://edu.tltsu.ru/sites/sites_content/site1065/html/media6815/11.jpg http://iliustracija.lt/wp-content/gallery/erika/brevno_v_glazu2.jpg http://frazbook.ru/wp-content/gallery/illyustracii-k-frazeologizmam/bit_chelom.jpg http://img.labirint.ru/images/comments_pic/0939/010labe6vj1253801714.jpg
TOGBOU "Izhavinskaya school - boarding school for students
with disabilities"
PROJECT
“Phraseological units in our speech”
Completed by 7th grade students
Head: Sharovatova E.V.,
Teacher of Russian language and literature.
2017
Inzhavino
1. Introduction
Phraseologisms are pearls, nuggets
And gems of the native language.
A.I.Efimov
In the Russian language, phraseological units serve to express speech, its imagery, brightness and accuracy. The phraseological wealth of the Russian language is enormous. And only those who love their native speech, who know it well, will feel the joy of speaking it freely.
Information about project participants:
Project participants are 7th grade students of TOGBOU “Inzhavinskaya boarding school for students with disabilities” in the village of Inzhavino, Tambov region.
Project manager: Elena Valerievna Sharovatova, teacher of Russian language and literature, TOGBOU “Inzhavinskaya boarding school for students with disabilities”, Inzhavino village, Tambov region.
Relevance of the topic:We come across phraseological units every day. Many of us don't even notice these because we don't know their meanings.
The purpose of our work:study of the origin and meaning of phraseological units most often used in speech.
Project objectives:
1. Study theoretical information about phraseological units.
2. Find out the history of the origin of some phraseological units.
3. Find out the meanings of the most frequently used phraseological units in speech.
4. Create a phraseological dictionary of the meanings and origins of the most frequently used phraseological units in speech.
5. Ug improve your theoretical knowledge on this topic.
Object of study:phraseological units
Subject of study:use of phraseological units in speech.
Research methods:
- study and analysis of literature;
- collection of information;
- observation;
- study.
Hypothesis: We assume that phraseological units decorate our speech, make it expressive and bright.
Project type: research, short-term.
2.1. What are phraseological units
The word “phraseology” comes from two words in the Greek language: “phrasis” - an expression of a figure of speech, “logos” - a concept, doctrine. Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following definition: “Phraseological unit is a stable expression with an independent meaning.”
Phraseologisms are stable combinations that can easily be replaced with one word: to fool around one’s finger - to deceive, to screw around - to mess around.
Phraseologisms - these are popular expressions that do not have an author.
The meaning of phraseological units is to give an emotional coloring to an expression and enhance its meaning.
Phraseology is a branch of the science of words that studies stable combinations and phrases. Phraseological units are used in the language in finished form. They cannot be replaced with other words or any word inserted. For example: Postponing things (you can’t say “long box”).
Phraseological phrases make our speech figurative, bright, expressive. With the help of such stable combinations, a lot can be said briefly. For example: about a person who finds himself in an absurd position, they say that he “got into trouble.” This sounds much more figurative and expressive than describing in length and detail how he found himself in an uncomfortable position due to his naivety or ignorance.
We often encounter stable figurative expressions in everyday life. “Find a common language”, “head on shoulders”, “does not care for the soul”, “time is up”, “long tongue”, “you can’t spill water”... We use each of these phrases in cases where we express our attitude - approving , dismissive or ironic towards this fact.
To clarify the meaning of phraseological units, dictionaries have been created. The first phraseological dictionary edited by V.A. Molotkov. appeared in the late 60s. It contains over 4000 phraseological units. Various forms of use, their synonyms and antonyms are given. For example, a “grated kalach” is an experienced person who cannot be deceived. But its use in fiction “Such a grated roll, and you can’t control your self-control!” A synonym for the phraseological unit grated kalach is a shot sparrow.
The phraseological unit “fool your head” has two meanings:
Intentionally deceive, confuse;
To bother with some nonsense, to pester with trifles.
“Why are you fooling me, young lady?!”
The phraseological unit “with a fresh mind” means not yet tired. “After school I’ll play football for an hour and a half, and then do my homework with a fresh mind.
The phraseological unit “beat the buck” has two synonyms - chasing a quitter, playing the fool. So, idle around. But its use in the sentence “...he talked incessantly about the fact that now we can kick the bucket until September.”
There are phraseological dictionaries that present the sources of the origin of phraseological units and their meaning. Authors of dictionaries: V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukova "School phraseological dictionary", A.I. Fedorov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language", A.I. Molotkov "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language", E.A. Bystrova, A.P. Okuneva, N.M. Shansky "Educational phraseological dictionary" and others.
In the dictionaries we found examples of phraseological units-homonyms:To let a rooster fly means to produce a melody out of tune. Letting a rooster mean setting something on fire.
Here are examples of synonymous phraseological units:
- Uma chamber - seven spans in the forehead
- The head on the shoulders is a light head. Two pairs of boots are alike.
- Beat swords into plowshares - sheathe the sword.
AND, finally, examples of antonym phraseological units:
- At least a dime a dozen - the cat cried.
- Rolling up your sleeves - carelessly.
- Brew the porridge - disentangle the porridge.
Hard to climb - easy to climb
2.2. Signs of phraseological units
- Phraseologisms usually do not tolerate the replacement of words and their rearrangements, for which they are also called stable phrases.
Through thick and thincan't be pronouncedno matter what happens to me or by all means, A protect like the pupil of the eye instead of cherish as the apple of your eye.
There are of course exceptions: rack your brains or rack your brains, take by surprise And take someone by surprise, but such cases are rare.
- Many phraseological units can be easily replaced with one word:
headlong - quickly,
close at hand - close.
- The most important feature of phraseological units is their figurative and figurative meaning.
Often a direct expression turns into a figurative one, expanding the shades of its meaning.
Bursting at the seams - from the tailor's speech it acquired a broader meaning - to fall into decay.
Confuse - from the speech of railway workers it has passed into general use in the sense of causing confusion.
According to stylistic coloringThe following phraseological units are distinguished:
1. Neutral – used in all styles of speech: a vicious circle, a just cause, to live out a century, with a sinking heart, know your worth, a game of imagination. regain consciousness.
2. Books – used in book styles, mainly in written speech: probe the waters, follow in the footsteps, tempt fate, disappear from the face of the earth, Egyptian execution, stumbling block, Augean stables.
3. Conversational – used primarily in oral communication: to live happily, behind seven locks, the eye rejoices, as if on pins and needles, through teeth, the first pancake is lumpy, seven Fridays a week.
4. Vernacular – differ from colloquial ones by lowering, rudeness: on Kudykin's mountain, make a mistake, fool your head, it's a trifle, get to the point, kill a worm, shed a tear.
2.3. The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language
There is a lot of controversy about the origin of phraseological units. Some of them arose in the distant past, others were created in the last decade.
All phraseological units can be divided into two groups:
1. originally Russian;
2. borrowed.
The main, largest part was made up of phraseological units of Russian origin (like giving a drink, beating with your forehead, sharpening your lasses), a smaller part was made up of borrowed ones from other languages (blue bird, native penates, hit the bull's eye). There are phraseological units borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language (like the apple of one’s eye, not of this world). Some phraseological units came to us from ancient mythology (barrel of Danaids, cast a shadow, make an elephant out of a molehill), some from the Bible (Alpha and Omega, massacre of the infants, trumpet of Jericho).
Original Russian phraseological units can be associated with professional speech:pull the gimp (weaving), clumsy work, without a hitch (carpentry), set the tone, play the first violin (musical art), baffle, back up (transport).
A certain number of native Russian phraseological units arose in dialect or slang speech and became the property of the national language. For example,smoke like a rocker, clumsy work, pulling the strapand etc.
A whole series of Russian phraseological units are associated with the life, customs, traditions and beliefs of the ancient Slavs. These include:
1) superstitious ideas of our ancestors, for example: a black cat crossed the road (there was a quarrel, a disagreement between someone); neither fluff nor feather (wishing someone good luck, success in any business) - initially: wishing good luck to a hunter going on a hunt, expressed in a negative form, so as not to “jinx” it if you directly wish good luck;
2) games and entertainment, for example: playing spillikins (doing trifles, for nothing, wasting time); from the name of the ancient game, which consisted in the fact that from randomly scattered spillikins (tiny freckles) it was necessary to pull out the spillikins one by one with a small hook, but so as not to touch the others; outshine (outdo in something); not even a blow (to know nothing at all, not to understand);
3) ancient customs of punishing criminals, for example: shorten the tongue (make someone talk less, talk less, be less impudent); written on the forehead (quite noticeable); details of Russian life, for example: washing dirty linen in public (divulging quarrels, squabbles that occur between loved ones); easy to spot (appears at the moment when they think or talk about it).
4) historical events in the life of the Russian people, for example: how Mamai went through (complete disorder, defeat) - from a historical event - the devastating invasion of Rus' (in the 14th century) by the Tatars under the leadership of Khan Mamai.
Almost every craft in Rus' has left its mark in Russian phraseology. For example: phraseological units without a hitch - “smooth”, clumsy work - “rough work” originate from carpenters; from shoemakers - two pairs of boots - “identical”; from hunters and fishermen - to reel in fishing rods - “to leave hastily”, to cover their tracks - “to hide something.”
Oral folk art is a rich source of Russian phraseology.
Phraseologisms came from folk tales: the fairy tale about the white bull - “endless repetition of the same thing”, under Tsar Gorokh - “a very long time ago”, Lisa Patrikeevna - “a very cunning person”, etc.
From proverbs and sayings, phraseological units arose such as: the grandmother said in two - “an indefinite answer” from the proverb: The grandmother wondered and said in two: either it will rain or snow, either it will or not; the wolf took pity on the mare - “about imaginary pity” from the proverb: The wolf took pity on the mare, leaving the tail and mane; without a king in his head - “not a serious person” from his mind - a king in his head.
Many phraseological units appeared from literary works: for example, from Krylov’s fables: to twirl like a squirrel (to be in constant trouble); disservice (a service that brings harm rather than benefit); The cuckoo praises the rooster because he praises the cuckoo (mutual praise). From the works of A.S. Pushkin, for example: to be left with nothing (to be left with nothing).
Borrowed phraseological units are stable combinations, catchphrases that came into the Russian language from other languages.
Some phraseological units appeared from the Old Church Slavonic language. Most often they are expressions taken from biblical texts translated into Old Church Slavonic: by the sweat of the brow - “to work very hard (to work)”, forbidden fruit - “about something tempting, but forbidden”, holy of holies - “the most precious thing, cherished”, daily bread – “that which is necessary for existence.”
Stable expressions from ancient Greek mythology: Achilles heel - “the most vulnerable place”, Gordian knot - “a confusing coincidence of circumstances”, sword of Damocles - “about constantly threatening danger”, etc. The system of phraseological units of the Russian language is not once and for all frozen and unchangeable. New phraseological units inevitably arise in response to the phenomena of modern life and are borrowed as cripples from other languages. They enrich modern speech with new, relevant expressions.
2.4. Examples of phraseological units, their meanings and the history of the emergence of phraseological units.
to beat the knuckles - to mess around
To overeat henbane - to go berserk (applies to people who do stupid things
After the rain on Thursday - never
Anika the warrior - a braggart, brave only in words, far from danger
Give a head wash (bath) - soap your neck, head - strongly scold
A white crow is a person who stands out sharply from the environment due to certain qualities
Living like a Biryuk means being gloomy and not communicating with anyone.
Throw down the gauntlet - challenge someone to an argument, competition (although no one throws down the gloves)
A wolf in sheep's clothing - evil people pretending to be good, hiding under the guise of meekness
Having your head in the clouds - blissfully dreaming, fantasizing about who knows what
The soul sank to the ground - a man who was afraid, afraid
Don't spare your belly - sacrifice your life
Notch it on the nose - remember it firmly
Making a molehill out of a molehill - turning a small fact into a whole event
On a silver platter - get what you want with honor, without much effort
At the edge of the earth - somewhere very far away
In seventh heaven - to be in complete delight, in a state of supreme bliss
You can’t see anything - it’s so dark that you can’t see the paths, paths
To rush headlong - to act recklessly, with desperate determination
Eat a pound of salt - get to know each other well
Good riddance - go away, we can do without you
Roll up your sleeves - work hard, diligently
2.5. Phraseologisms in other languages.
Phraseologisms exist in many languages of the world. Often phraseological units are the property of only one language, but despite this, they are similar in meaning, for example:
Russian language | Foreign languages |
To be under someone's thumb Ate the dog Written on the water with a pitchfork. Wait by the sea for weather. | Being under someone's thumb (English) He is a great master at this. (German) It's not in your pocket yet. (French) Wait for the hare under the tree. (Chinese) |
To make mountains out of molehills. Fool around | Making a camel out of a mosquito (Czech) Play Donkey (English) |
Deceive yourself. | Stealing a bell while plugging your ears. (Chinese) |
The eyes of a mouse can only see an inch ahead. (Chinese) |
|
White crow. | Ram on five legs. (French) |
Buy a pig in a poke. | Buy a pig in a sack. (English language) |
The soul sank to its feet | He has a blue fear. (French) |
Money can't buy you | Money is everything. (English) |
3. Conclusion.
So, we have come to the conclusion that phraseological units play a big role in human speech.
Sometimes there are cases when a phraseological unit does not have an equivalent expression and to accurately convey a particular phenomenon it is necessary to use it.
Phraseologisms are used both in ordinary colloquial speech and in fiction. This makes our speech brighter and more imaginative.
Some phraseological units become obsolete over time, “go out of the language,” but they are always replaced by others that are connected with the events of our lives.
We consider our work relevant because it is necessary to constantly become familiar with phraseological units so that speech becomes more precise and richer. To do this, you need to read more, consult various dictionaries, conduct search work, turning to the works of writers, the works of Russian scientists.
- Introduction ………………………….................................................. ............................ 1
- Main part
2.1. What are phraseological units ………………………………………… 2-3
- . Signs of phraseological units………………………………………………………........ 3-4
- . The origin of phraseological units in the Russian language……………......... 4-6
- . Examples of phraseological units, their meanings and the history of the emergence of phraseological units.................................................. ........................................... 6-11
- . Phraseologisms in other languages................................................................. .......... 12
3. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………... 12-13
4. List of references................................................... ...................................... 13
Bibliography
- Yu. Gvozdarev. “Stories about Russian phraseology”, Moscow, “Enlightenment”, 1988.
2. V.P. Zhukova, A.V. Zhukova. School phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. M.: "Enlightenment". 1983.
3. Rosenthal D.E. and others. Russian language for schoolchildren in grades 5-9. Journey to the land of words. Tutorial. M.: Bustard, 1995.
4. Fedorov A.I. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units. M.: Astrel: AST, 2008.
- Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist (linguistics) / Comp. M. V. Panov. M.: Pedagogy, 1984.
- Vartanyan. “Dictionary of popular expressions”, Moscow, Astrel AST, 2001.
- S. Volkov. “Unique illustrated phraseological dictionary for children”, AST Astrel, Moscow, 2010.
- Internet resources:
http://www.bookvoed.ru/view_images.php?code=444538&tip=1 E.
http: //wiki.iteach.ru